78 research outputs found
Parallel implementation of the TRANSIMS micro-simulation
This paper describes the parallel implementation of the TRANSIMS traffic
micro-simulation. The parallelization method is domain decomposition, which
means that each CPU of the parallel computer is responsible for a different
geographical area of the simulated region. We describe how information between
domains is exchanged, and how the transportation network graph is partitioned.
An adaptive scheme is used to optimize load balancing. We then demonstrate how
computing speeds of our parallel micro-simulations can be systematically
predicted once the scenario and the computer architecture are known. This makes
it possible, for example, to decide if a certain study is feasible with a
certain computing budget, and how to invest that budget. The main ingredients
of the prediction are knowledge about the parallel implementation of the
micro-simulation, knowledge about the characteristics of the partitioning of
the transportation network graph, and knowledge about the interaction of these
quantities with the computer system. In particular, we investigate the
differences between switched and non-switched topologies, and the effects of 10
Mbit, 100 Mbit, and Gbit Ethernet. keywords: Traffic simulation, parallel
computing, transportation planning, TRANSIM
The dynamics of iterated transportation simulations
Iterating between a router and a traffic micro-simulation is an increasibly
accepted method for doing traffic assignment. This paper, after pointing out
that the analytical theory of simulation-based assignment to-date is
insufficient for some practical cases, presents results of simulation studies
from a real world study. Specifically, we look into the issues of uniqueness,
variability, and robustness and validation. Regarding uniqueness, despite some
cautionary notes from a theoretical point of view, we find no indication of
``meta-stable'' states for the iterations. Variability however is considerable.
By variability we mean the variation of the simulation of a given plan set by
just changing the random seed. We show then results from three different
micro-simulations under the same iteration scenario in order to test for the
robustness of the results under different implementations. We find the results
encouraging, also when comparing to reality and with a traditional assignment
result.
Keywords: dynamic traffic assignment (DTA); traffic micro-simulation;
TRANSIMS; large-scale simulations; urban planningComment: 24 pages, 7 figure
PI3K Signaling in Normal B Cells and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL).
B cells provide immunity to extracellular pathogens by secreting a diverse repertoire of antibodies with high affinity and specificity for exposed antigens. The B cell receptor (BCR) is a transmembrane antibody, which facilitates the clonal selection of B cells producing secreted antibodies of the same specificity. The diverse antibody repertoire is generated by V(D)J recombination of heavy and light chain genes, whereas affinity maturation is mediated by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-mediated mutagenesis. These processes, which are essential for the generation of adaptive humoral immunity, also render B cells susceptible to chromosomal rearrangements and point mutations that in some cases lead to cancer. In this chapter, we will review the central role of PI3K s in mediating signals from the B cell receptor that not only facilitate the development of functional B cell repertoire, but also support the growth and survival of neoplastic B cells, focusing on chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells. Perhaps because of the central role played by PI3K in BCR signaling, B cell leukemia and lymphomas are the first diseases for which a PI3K inhibitor has been approved for clinical use
Traffic Simulation on Distributed Memory Computers
We investigate a cellular automaton model for a simple traffic simulation. The simulation is used to generate realistic travel time feedback in an iterative process to relaxate a set of routes for a medium-sized test street network. We compare several parameter combinations influencing the relaxation process. Relaxed sets of routes are used to perform and compare simple ôn-line' re-routing approaches. The dissertation contains a chapter on the parallel implementation of the micro-simulation
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